Midterm Social Science 1

Saint Michael’s College

Midterm Coverage Fact Sheets

Social Science 1

The Coming of the Spaniards

15^th Century: Renaissance Period

·         the period of Exploration

·         Gospel, Gold and Glory

·         Portugal vs. Spain

·         Spice Race

Treaty of Tordesillas

·         This agreement was the Church’s solution to the endless competition between the 2 Christian nations.

·         The Kings of Portugal and Spain, with Pope Alexander VI’s blessing, signed an agreement that divides the world between the two countries

·         All countries lying to the east belongs to the King of Portugal (Africa, India and Brazil)

·         All countries to the west belonged to the King of Spain (‘New World”)

Ferdinand Magellan

o  He REDISCOVERED the Philippines

o  He was a Portuguese who approached the Spanish King, Charles V because his plan to sail west was rejected by the King of Portugal.

o  He was given a fleet of 5 ships: SAN ANTONIO (abandoned the mission), SANTIAGO (wrecked), TRINIDAD, CONCEPCION and VICTORIA.

o  The ships Trinidad, Concepcion and Victoria reached the Philippines in March 16, 1521. But only Victoria was able to go back to Spain.

o  Met a few Chiefs such as Raja Humabon and Raja Sula

o  He was killed by a Filipino Chief, Raja Lapu-Lapu

o  The Magellan Expedition established the following:

§  Europeans learned the existence of the Philippines;

§  It proved that the Earth is round;

§  It established the vastness of the Pacific Ocean;

§  It proved that the East Indies could be reached by crossing the pacific;

§  It showed that the Americas were really separated from Asia.

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

·         The second explorer who went to the Philippines

·         Butuan

·         His greatest contribution was the naming of the country, LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of King Philip II

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

·         The most successful of all the three conquerors

·         He accomplished an almost bloodless conquest in the Philippines

·         He became the First Governor-General of the Philippines

Reduccion Bajo El Son dela Campana

·         Resettlement Under the Sound of the Bell

·         A “civilizing” device to make the Filipinos ultimate “little brown Spaniards”

·         All new Christian converts were required to construct their houses around the Church and the unbaptized were invited to do the same.

Spanish Institutions

Political System

King of Spain – the supreme ruler and law maker of all Spanish possessions

Ministry of Colonies – governs all Spanish possessions; oversees the colonies of the Spanish empire.

Gobernador-General – the spokesman and representative of the King in the Philippines.

Functions of the Gobernador-General:

·         The Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy;

·         The President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court);

·         The Vice-Real Patron;

·         The source of Civil Power.

Alcalde Mayor – heads the PACIFIED provinces

Corregidores – heads the UNPACIFIED provinces

Functions of the Alcalde Mayor and Corregidores:

·         Judge;

·         Inspector of Encomiendas;

·         Chief of Police;

·         Tribute Collector;

·         Vice-Regal Patron;

·         Captain-General of the Province

Gobernadorcillo - the highest position that a Filipino could attain

                                       - also referred to as the Little Governor

Qualifications to be a Gobernadorcillo:

·         Any Filipino or Chinese Mestizo;

·         at least 25 years old;

·         Literate in Oral or Written Spanish;

·         Had been a Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years.

Duties of the Gobernadorcillo:

·         Preparation of the Padron (tribute list);

·         Recruitment and Distribution of Men for draft labor, communal public work and the quinto;

·         Postal Clerk;

·         Judge in civil suits involving P44.00 or less.

Cabeza de Barangay – heads the barrio government

Responsibilities of the Cabeza de Barangay:

·         Tax and Distributions Collector for the gobernadorcillo;

·         Responsible for the peace and order in his own barrio;

·         Recruited Polistas for communal public works.

Visita (Specific and General) and Residencia - Judicial Review; checks the abuses of government officials

Amalgamation of the Church and State

Economic System

o    buwis (tribute) ~ cedula personal (1885)

§ Tax Exemptions:

·         Descendants of the Filipino chiefly class who participated during the pacification campaigns of early conquistadores

·         Laborers in the arsenal/ artillery yard of Cavite

·         Mediquillos (Filipinos with medical experience but no title)

·         Vaccinators

·         College and University students of Sto. Tomas, San Jose, San Juan de Letran and San Carlos of Cebu

o    bandala

o    polo y servicio personal

§ polista: male; 16-60 y/o; 60 days (15 days: 1885)

§ falla

o    encomienda (royal and private)

§ encomendero

o    Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

Social Transformation

·         Language

·         Compadrazgo (ritual co-parenthood)

Educational Transformation

·         “Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child”

·         compulsory education

Filipinos Not Totally Hispanized

From Indio to Filipino: The Rise of Filipino Nationalism

Categories of Revolts

o    Personal Motives:

§  Political led by former Datus

§  Religious led by Babaylans

o    Resistance to oppressive Spanish-introduced economic as well as religious institutions

o    Mindanao Resisitance

§  Moro Wars (1718-1762; 1850-1878)

Failure of Revolts

o    Insular Makeup of the Philippines

·         No Sense of National Unity

·         Communication Gap (No Lingua Franca)

o    Inferior Weapons/ Lack of Weapons

Filipino Nationalism: Accelerators

o    The Philippines in World Commerce

o    Rise of Class Media

o    European Liberalism and Carlos Maria de la Torre

o    Racial Discrimination

o    Regular-Secular Conflicts ~ Cavite Mutiny

Fact sheets prepared by: Glen Jornales

Source: http://www.scribd.com